http://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/274 2026-04-09T10:25:58Z 2026-04-09T10:25:58Z Su, Qian et. al... http://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2184 2025-02-13T09:11:07Z 2024-12-01T00:00:00Z

Addressing the Crucial Factors Affecting the Implementation of Carbon Credit Concept Using a Comprehensive Decision-Making Analysis: A Case Study Su, Qian; et. al... As global focus on climate change intensifies, carbon credits have become an important tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Africa, with its abundant natural resources and potential for sustainable development, is well-positioned to capitalize on this growing market. This article explores how Africa can enhance its participation in the carbon credit market, transforming environmental initiatives into economic opportunities by addressing key implementation challenges. By utilizing the Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) method within an interval-valued spherical fuzzy (IVSF) framework, the study supports collective decision-making. It identifies three crucial factors: access to financing issue, the absence of clear policies and legal frameworks, and the lack of capacity and expertise within governments, businesses, and communities. The research provides practical recommendations for governments aiming to effectively implement the carbon credit concept.

2024-12-01T00:00:00Z Kiptum, Clement Kiprotich et al. http://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2007 2023-10-12T06:49:46Z 2022-08-01T00:00:00Z

Evaluation of Factors Affecting Road Maintenance in Kenyan Counties Using the Ordinal Priority Approach Kiptum, Clement Kiprotich; et al. Improving Kenya’s complete road network has been used to alleviate poverty and achieve the Vision 2030 goals. Roads enhance all areas of social development, including demand for and access to information, health, and education, in addition to poverty alleviation. However, themajority ofKenyan highways are plagued by a variety ofmaintenance concerns. This study aims to rank counties according to critical severity based on factors affecting road maintenance using an ordinal priority approach. Five challenges that could have an impact on road maintenance were looked at fromthe views of three decision-makers. The results of the study show that road materials are the least challenging aspect affecting road maintenance performance, while procurement practices are the most problematic. The studies also revealed that Nairobi County is most affected by these factors, whereas Nakuru County is least affected. In light of the findings, recommendations were made to assist both the government and the road sectors in dealing with these difficulties.

2022-08-01T00:00:00Z Kisasati, Kisasati Wekesa Jacob et. al... http://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1904 2023-06-23T08:17:33Z 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

An Excel Application for Analysis and Design of RC Low-Rise Structural Elements using British Standards and European Codes Kisasati, Kisasati Wekesa Jacob; et. al... There is an increasing demand for tools that can simplify the design process and improve the accuracy and efficiency of the design calculations in structural engineering. This paper presents an Excel application for the design and analysis of reinforced concrete low-rise structures using British standards and European codes. The application aims to assist structural engineers in the design process as it provides a set of pre-programmed calculations for the analysis of slabs, beams, columns, footings and stairs. The application incorporates the relevant design equations and guidelines from both standards and allows the user to input the required parameters and generate concise design outputs such as load capacity, stress analysis results and design recommendations. In developing the application, a combination of VBA programming and yield line method was used. The application has been tested using different design scenarios and the output compared to manual calculations. The application offers significant time savings, increased accuracy, and improved efficiency over manual methods

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z Okemwa, Sam et. al... http://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1901 2023-06-23T07:48:27Z 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

SYNTHESIS: SMART RAINWATER HARVESTING, STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION TO ENHANCE WATER SECURITY Okemwa, Sam; et. al... This paper presents a novel approach to establish water security through autonomous rainwater harvesting, storage, and distribution mechanisms. The primary focus of the research is on developing a reliable and cost-effective method for harvesting, storing, and distributing rainwater in an autonomous manner, whereby the system is self-regulating in terms of harvesting, storing, and distributing water in response to localized and customized needs or conditions, more especially to communities that are struggling to meet their minimal water demands. The paper aims to develop an integrated and automated system that is capable of collecting, storing, and distributing rainwater in a sustainable manner, with the goal of increasing water security in areas with limited or unreliable water supply as exhibited in arid and semi-arid lands or places with poor water infrastructure conditions. The research will initially explore existing rainwater harvesting systems, including both conventional and innovative designs, in order to identify the most effective methods for harvesting rainwater. This will include looking at appropriate storage, filtration and distribution systems, as well as considering the economic, environmental, and social impacts of these systems, identifying the benefits and drawbacks of their system design deployment. Following this, the research will focus on developing an autonomous rainwater harvesting system that is capable of responding to economic, environmental and social factors in an efficient and cost-effective manner. This will involve the development of an integrated and automated system for collecting, storing and distributing rainwater, with an emphasis on sustainability and water security. The research will consider issues such as water scarcity, resource management, and environmental protection in order to ensure that the autonomous rainwater harvesting system is designed with these considerations in mind. Additionally, it will analyze the cost-effectiveness of the proposed system, and explore potential areas of application for the system. Finally, the paper will provide an assessment of the overall impact of the autonomous rainwater harvesting system on water security and consider the potential for further development and improvement of the system if sustainable.

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z Wangai, Benson Kamau Ndung’u et. al... http://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1900 2023-06-23T07:42:18Z 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

A Comprehensive Study on Pavement and Geometric Design of Dispensary-Kerio-Gate B (University of Eldoret, Kenya) Road and Upande- Kimumu-Peris Road Wangai, Benson Kamau Ndung’u; et. al... This study examines the pavement and geometric design of the Dispensary-Kerio-Gate B (University of Eldoret, Kenya) Road and the Upande-Kimumu-Peris Road. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the current pavement conditions and geometric design of the road links, identify the existing problems, and recommend suitable solutions by developing an economical and practicable design that satisfies the standards. The study included field investigations, topographic data collection, traffic count, pavement design, geometric design, materials computation and analysis. The results demonstrated that the pavement conditions and geometric designs of the two-road links were deficient, resulting in frequent accidents, traffic congestion, and vehicle damage. The study recommended a number of measures to enhance the pavement and geometric designs of the roads, such as upgrading to bitumen standards, widening the roads, enhancing drainage systems, and adopting suitable design standards. The study's findings will assist road designers, engineers, and policymakers in enhancing road conditions and safety, as well as the overall transportation system

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z Ndiema, Kevin Maraka et al. http://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1834 2023-06-14T08:36:44Z 2023-02-01T00:00:00Z

An Integrated Decision Support Model for effective Institutional Coordination Framework in Public Transportation Planning Ndiema, Kevin Maraka; et al. The lack of coordination among global institutions responsible for planning public transportation is a persistent issue. To tackle this issue, three strategies aimed at promoting sustainability have been proposed. However, there is a significant deficiency in preferentially prioritizing them, which poses a significant issue for local governments. In this study, a twostage model is established by combining the Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution methods into a unique interval-valued spherical fuzzy framework. This allows for determining the criteria weights and ranking the strategies. The results of our investigation show that effective institutional coordination in public transportation planning can be achieved through the implementation of good governance principles. By doing so, Nairobi's local government can tackle the unexpected division of public transportation agreements among different institutions and guide the various sectors in executing their transportation plans while still adhering to the established policy objectives

2023-02-01T00:00:00Z Rotich, Abraham Mettoa Kiptum, Clement Kiproticha Chessum, Emmanuel http://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1426 2021-11-03T06:45:49Z 2020-04-01T00:00:00Z

CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION OF SWMM MODEL IN A SUB CATCHMENT IN ELDORET TOWN, KENYA Rotich, Abraham Mettoa; Kiptum, Clement Kiproticha; Chessum, Emmanuel Flooding in Eldoret town has been occurring during heavy downpours resulting in loss of property, live and interruption of transportation systems. This study aimed at determining the catchment characteristics in Eldoret town for the calibration and validation of SWMM5 model. This model was developed by US Environmental Protection Agency. The model has been evolving from Version 1 in 1971 to Version 5 of 2005 called SWMM5. It can simulate runoff quantity in any given catchment. Rainfall was measured using rain gauge while discharge was measured using current meter. Digital Elevation Model of the study area was also obtained. The results showed that the catchment drained an area of approximately 696.5 hectares with a total of 23 sub catchments. The average slope was found to be 2.57% and the mean average imperviousness was 25.72%. The drain base flow was found to be 0.002 m3/s. However, during prolonged rainfall, the discharge increased up to 32.4 m3/s. The maximum rainfall observed during the study period was 32.4 mm which resulted in the maximum average discharge of 0.131m3/s and resulted in overflow in the drain. Calibrated model had N-Imperv of 0.45, Dstore-Imperv of 2.5 and Dstore-Perv of 8. ISE values of 1.9 and 1.4 were observed for calibration and validation, respectively. NSE values of 0.97 and 0.99 were observed for calibration and validation, respectively. This meant that model excellently simulated rainfall-discharge relationship in the study area and can be used for final design by the Eldoret town engineers. Future study is required to calibrate the model based on more measurements of rainfall and their discharges in the catchment.

2020-04-01T00:00:00Z Bett, Barnabas Simiyu, John Dimo, Herbert http://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/971 2021-05-18T12:50:38Z 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z

Challenges Facing Graduate Structural Engineers in the Building Construction Industry in Kenya Bett, Barnabas; Simiyu, John; Dimo, Herbert Despite a number of challenges, training institution Kenya has produced structural engineers in the building and construction field. As a result, there have been problems facing these apprentices that have led to questions concerning their competencies in the Kenyan building and construction industry. Mitigating such foreseeable problems, require proper policy planning, which can only be enacted after findings of facts have been adduced. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the challenges facing university trained structural engineers in the construction industry in Kenya. The research design in the study was cross-sectional survey research design. Purposive sampling was employed in collecting the data. The study population comprised practicing structural engineers trained at the universities offering building construction, civil engineering and structural engineering. Questionnaires were used to collected data from the sampled respondents in the building industry. Proportional analysis techniques and statistical chi-square test was used to analyze the data. Information on problems facing the engineers and perception of the engineering graduates concerning university training were collected from 89 Kenyan university trained practicing Structural engineers. The data collected was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 23.0) presented inform of descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations frequency distribution, cross-tabulation and Chi-square (2 ) tests. The results obtained revealed that, graduates had problems related to initial choice of the course, for which they did not have interest in and hence poor content coverage. These results demonstrate the need for establishment of a clear policy aimed at regulating the learning resources for structural engineers at the universities appropriately. Moreover, there is need for standard resources for the teaching of the programme and the need for higher educational funding scheme for research in the universities.

2019-01-01T00:00:00Z Mutai, Emmanuel Ochieng, Macmillan Swaleh, Mohammed http://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/563 2020-10-23T08:48:18Z 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z

Design and Fabrication of a Pedal Powered Paddy Rice Thresher International Mutai, Emmanuel; Ochieng, Macmillan; Swaleh, Mohammed The main objective of this study was to design and fabricate a hand operated pedal powered thresher for threshing, separating, and cleaning rice paddies. The major components of the machine include threshing, separation and cleaning units. Threshing operation is achieved by rotational motion of a cylinder fitted with beater spikes above a stationary grid which results in the removal of the paddies from the bulk straws. After being beaten out, the grains fall into the cleaning unit which consists of a sieve that undergoes a reciprocating motion. The machine is simple, less bulky and the ergonomic considerations in the design allows for comfortable use and can easily be operated by either male or female. The designed and fabricated pedal powered paddy thresher fitted with winnowing equipment substantially reduces human drudgery in threshing at an affordable cost and also reduces the time used for threshing operation on small farms. Threshing was efficient for moisture content between 20% and 23%. Total power required by the machine was 84 watts operating at 400 rpm. This power is produced through human operated pedal mechanism. Performance test revealed that the efficiency of the machine was 92% with a through put of 90 kg per hour.

2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Ng'etich, Gilbert http://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/562 2020-10-23T08:33:31Z 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z

Analysis of Energy Storage and Return foot stiffness by Coupling Musculoskeletal and Finite Element Simulation Ng'etich, Gilbert Transtibial amputees currently have numerous prostheses in the market which are aimed at improving the control, cosmetics and comfort. Each of the three categories of prosthetic feet namely; conventional, energy storage and return, and bionic feet have different characteristics. Current studies reveal that energy storage and return feet offer better performance as compared with conventional prostheses. In this study, evolution of the prosthesis and the significance of mimicking human ankle-foot biomechanics is highlighted. Lower limb amputations occur due to Peripheral Vascular Disease, Diabetes, War and accidents .It is associated with mortality, morbidity, and disability. Transtibial amputees exhibit loss of plantar flexor musculature [1, 7] resulting in greater intact leg stance times [12]and asymmetrical gait comorbidity in their residual and intact legs [2, 7].Below-knee amputees lose the functional use of the ankle muscles, which are critical during walking to provide body support, forward propulsion, leg-swing initiation and mediolateral balance [3, 7]. During early and pre-swing, amputees exhibit increased hamstring and rectus femoris activity on residual leg [12].Prosthetic foot do not allow sufficient dorsiflexion even on levelterrain and possess inertia asymmetry. Further improvements ought to be incorporated to adjust the degree of dorsiflexion [4], absorb shock on impact [10], and improve inertia gait. Unilateral, transtibial amputees’ clinical efficacy is dependent on appropriate prosthetic foot stiffness [6].Proper prosthetic foot selection with appropriate design characteristics is critical for successful amputee rehabilitation. Use of laminated composites in the manufacture of prostheses is vital due to their high stiffness and low density.Many researchers have reported that unilateral below-knee amputees (BKA) walk asymmetrically and differently from able-bodied people [1-10, 17].Researchers have given varied reasons. It is generally believed that socket fit, prostheticalignment, and prosthetic components (including prosthetic parts' weight and design) can all influence the gait of amputees [2-7,12,18-19].Others argue that due to loss of plantar flexor muscles, there would be greater intact leg stance times and asymmetrical gait comorbidity in their residual and intact legs. Moreover, degenerative changes in the lumbar spine and knees would occur due to the asymmetrical walking that overloads the musculoskeletal system [7, 12].This research will come up with an analysis of the energy storage and return foot coupling musculoskeletal and finite element analysis with aim of improving amputee gait. The analysis of the foot is performed using the boundary conditions of ISO-10328 and ISO-22675.The prosthetic foot serves to substitute the loss of tendons and muscles of the intact foot due to amputation. Further series of computer simulation of ESAR foot is performed using Altair Hyper works 14.0 to investigate the effect of stiffness on the tibia section of foot, muscleactivity, residual and intact ground reaction forces with aim of coming up with an optimal design.The results of this study would add to the core knowledge regarding prosthetic feet features and their effects on gait, making them directly relevant to prosthesis design and prescription.

2018-01-01T00:00:00Z