School of Education

TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPETENCY-BASED EDUCATION IN JUNIOR SCHOOLS, TRANS-NZOIA WEST SUB COUNTY-KENYA

2026-05-29T07:13:07Z

TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPETENCY-BASED EDUCATION IN JUNIOR SCHOOLS, TRANS-NZOIA WEST SUB COUNTY-KENYA NYANGARESI, DENIS This study explored teacher perception on the implementation of Competence Based Education (CBE) in Junior public secondary schools in Trans-nzoia west sub- county. Despite the introduction of competence-based education reform in Kenya, the implementation remains a challenge. Teachers play vital roles in the implementation of any education reform. They interpret the framework and adapt it to fit students’ needs. Teacher professional development, training, self- efficacy, available resources for teaching and learning, teaching workload greatly influence teacher perception on the implementation and success of CBE. This study was based on the following objectives, namely; to assess teacher’s preparedness for implementation of CBE, to evaluate the availability and adequacy of instructional resources, to investigate teacher workload and to identify challenges faced during the implementation of CBE. The study was anchored on constructivism learning theory which posits that learners can actively build their own knowledge rather than being passive recipients of information. However, the major criticism of the theory is its inefficiency for teaching foundational knowledge. The study’s sample comprised of 79 participants, including 64 teachers from selected schools and 15 head teachers from the sampled schools. The researcher made use of mixed method concurrent research design. This design was useful in collecting both qualitative and quantitative data. Data was collected using teachers’ questionnaire, interview schedule for heads of institutions and observation schedule for the researcher to gather first-hand information. Through the guidance of supervisors, the researcher was able to determine instrument validity. A pilot study was conducted in 5 schools in Kiminini sub county, a neighboring sub county to Trans-nzoia west sub-county. Cronbach’s alpha reliability was computed to determine the extent to which the research instruments are reliable. A reliability coefficient of above 0.7 was obtained from the pilot study, this guaranteed that the research instruments are reliable, hence suitable for use in the main study. Qualitative data was obtained by interviewing headteachers and quantitative data from the teachers’ questionnaire. Besides this, observation schedule was used to collect first hand data from sampled schools. Qualitative data from interviews with headteachers and questionnaire items was analyzed thematically by grouping the data into major themes as per the research objectives. For descriptive statistics, frequencies alongside mean and standard deviation were used. Inferential statistics, Pearson Chi-Square analysis was carried out to determine the two categorical variables; teacher perception and the implementation of CBE had an association. The study findings showed that all research variables had P<0.05, implying that CBE implementation was not independent of teacher perception. The study recommended that the government through the ministry of education should provide adequate infrastructure and instructional facilities for effective implementation of CBE. From the study findings a majority of the teachers reported that institutional and stakeholders’ support was not sufficient. Therefore, a recommendation was made that effective communication be done to bring on board all the stakeholders. The study recommended that in-service training be provided for effective implementation of CBE.

ERROR PROPAGATION APPROACH IN ASSESSMENT OF BOILER EMISSIONS UNCERTAINITIES FOR TEA FACTORIES IN KENYA

2026-05-28T12:45:10Z

ERROR PROPAGATION APPROACH IN ASSESSMENT OF BOILER EMISSIONS UNCERTAINITIES FOR TEA FACTORIES IN KENYA Kamunge, Moses; Okemwa, Peter; Nangendo, Isaac Many tea factories in Kenya still heavily rely on fuelwood for energy, leading to the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other pollutants, impacting the environment, and contributing to climate change. This study focuses on understanding how errors in boiler emission measurement tools, specifically flow meters, flue gas analyzers, and temperature sensors, propagate and affect the accuracy of emissions data, potentially complicating regulatory efforts and environmental assessments. In a bid to address the aforementioned issue, measurement data of the boilers under study were collected over six distinct periods from selected tea factories in Kenya, which captured a wide range of operational conditions. With the application of novel standard error propagation techniques, the uncertainties associated with each instrument in the measurements were considered. Results in this research revealed that significant variations in gas emissions readings, primarily due to errors from the instruments and general environmental fluctuations, such as temperature and humidity This paper centered on emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides sulphur oxides and particulate matter and further explicated the effect of error propagation, showing how minor variations in sensor accuracy resulted in substantial change in under or overestimation of emissions levels. Findings in this study underscore the need for constant protocols in calibrations and the application of real-time correction methods within the equipment of boiler emissions monitoring. The analysis in this research showed that the current measurement systems might not adequately support compliance with the environmental regulations, which thereby threatens human life. Finally, concludes that the establishment of more robust methods of calibration practices in Kenya tea factories, the adoption of advanced monitoring equipment and technologies, and the adoption of real-time processes in data analysis work well to improve and mitigate errors emanating from measurement instruments. These recommendations aim to improve measurement accuracy, resulting in sustainable environmental practices in Kenya's tea industry and, by extension, contributing to climate mitigation

FUZZY LOGIC OPTIMIZATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT IN BOILER WOOD FUEL OF A TEA PROCESSING FACTORY IN KENYA.

2026-05-28T12:35:28Z

FUZZY LOGIC OPTIMIZATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT IN BOILER WOOD FUEL OF A TEA PROCESSING FACTORY IN KENYA. Kamunge, Moses; Okemwa, Peter; Nangendo, Isaack This research investigates the use of fuzzy logic to optimize the moisture content of wood fuel used for boilers in Kenya's tea processing factories. Moisture levels are crucial as they influence combustion efficiency, energy production, and emissions levels. Integration of a fuzzy logic control system into the wood-fired boiler significantly reduced the moisture content from an initial 23% to a more optimal 18%, as determined by simulation outcomes. This 5% reduction in moisture content was accomplished through the dynamic adjustment of various boiler operating parameters, in this case, fuel feed rate, combustion airflow, and steam pressure, integrating a fuzzy logic algorithm that drew insights from both expert and real-time sensory data. The simulated operation of the fuzzy logic control system showed an enhancement in boiler efficiency of up to 81%, a decrease in emissions of up to 178g/kWh, and an overall improvement in system reliability, thereby demonstrating the efficacy of integrating fuzzy logic in wood-fired boiler for enhancing performance and addressing moisture-related challenges.

Influence of Alignment of Interests on TVET–Industry Collaboration in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya

2026-05-28T08:10:11Z

Influence of Alignment of Interests on TVET–Industry Collaboration in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya Chepkwony, Ezekiel; Wanami, Simon; Okari, Florence Collaboration between Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions and industryiscritical for aligning skills development with labor market needs. However, misalignment of interests betweenthesestakeholders undermines the ef ectiveness of partnerships, leading to skill gaps and reduced employability of graduates. Thisstudy sought to examine the influence of alignment of interests on TVET–industry collaboration in Trans-Nzoia County. Thestudy was anchored on Institutional Theory by Meyer and Rowan (1977). The study adopted a descriptive survey researchdesign. The target population comprised 33 TVET institutions, 5 principals, 333 trainers, and 28 industry representatives. Using stratified and proportionate sampling guided by Krejcie and Morgan’s formula, a sample of 178 respondentswasdrawn. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and interview schedules. Validity was ensured throughexpert review, while reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coef icients above the acceptable thresholdof 0.70. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data underwent thematicanalysis. The findings revealed that limited stakeholder consultations, dif ering operational priorities, and inadequatefeedback mechanisms significantly hindered collaboration. The study concluded that sustained engagement, joint planning, and transparent communication are essential for harmonizing interests. Recommendations include establishingjoint curriculum review committees, developing formal collaboration frameworks, conducting regular stakeholder forums, andenhancing information-sharing systems. These measures, if implemented, can strengthen TVET–industry linkages andimprove graduate readiness for the job market.

Association Of Quality Leadership With Educational Outcomes In Technical And Vocational Education And Training Colleges In Uganda

2026-05-28T07:08:35Z

Association Of Quality Leadership With Educational Outcomes In Technical And Vocational Education And Training Colleges In Uganda Muhwezi, Loy; Ferej, Ahmed; Kiplagat, Hoseah The aim of quality assurance practices in educational institutions is to enhance the outcomes of any education system. This study focused on assessing the association of quality leadership with educational outcomes in public TVET colleges in Uganda. A cross sectional survey design and stratified random sampling with a lottery approach were used. A closed-ended questionnaire was used to collect data from 102 trainers, and was analysed using SPSS version 25 to generate both zero-order correlations and regression results. The findings show that quality leadership is important (Grand mean=3.7693, SD=.59219), and was reflected in the high awareness of the vision, mission, objectives and values of the college (mean=4.1528, SD=.92933) by respondents. The correlation analysis revealed a significant positive association between leadership and educational outcomes (r=0.764, P<0.01). It also revealed a significant positive leadership influence on educational outcomes (Beta=0.764, P<0.01). Regression analysis revealed that quality leadership accounted for 57.8% of the variation in educational outcomes. The study concluded that effective leadership is vital for improving educational outcomes in public TVET colleges in Uganda. The study recommends enhanced collaborative and participatory engagements with college stakeholders; adherence to established policies, strategies and regulations; establishing effective quality assurance mechanisms and frameworks such as periodical self-assessments, for continuous improvement and enhancement of quality outcomes. This study informs practical application of quality leadership to enhance educational outcomes in public TVET colleges in Uganda.

TVET-industry Collaboration Mechanisms Enhancing Employability Skills of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Graduates: Evidence from Selected Institutions in Uganda

2026-05-26T13:21:06Z

TVET-industry Collaboration Mechanisms Enhancing Employability Skills of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Graduates: Evidence from Selected Institutions in Uganda Robert, Bagumisiriza; Simiyu, John; Wanyeki, Paul The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of TVET-Industry collaboration in curriculum development, industry participation in practical training, sharing of training resources and training opportunities on employability skills of TVET graduates. This study considered more factors that influence graduate employability skills in addition to curriculum development as has been studied by many scholars. This study utilized cross sectional survey data collected from 217 trainers & heads of department. The data was analyzed using correlation, stepwise OLS multiple regression to study the relationships among the study variables using the Stata 17.0 (Stata-Corp College Station, TX, USA) software. The study findings showed that curriculum development (β=0.619, p<0.05), industry involvement in practical training (β=0.169, p<0.05), sharing of training resources (β=1.107, p<0.05), and training opportunities for trainers (β=0.446, p<0.05),

Proposed Framework for Effective Collaboration between TVET Institutions and Industry for Enhancing Employability Skills: Evidence from Selected Institutions in Uganda

2026-05-26T13:04:53Z

Proposed Framework for Effective Collaboration between TVET Institutions and Industry for Enhancing Employability Skills: Evidence from Selected Institutions in Uganda Robert, Bagumisiriza; Simiyu, John; Wanyeki, Paul Effective collaborations between TVET institutions and industry play a significant role in the acquisition of technical and soft skills by the learners and in sharing knowledge. This study focused on proposing a framework towards effective collaboration between TVET institutions and the industry to enhance the employability skills of the graduates. The study utilised qualitative responses from 217 trainers, including heads of academic departments, 11 principals of TVET institutions, and 18 industry experts, including operational managers, human resources, and staff. The qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis supported by Dedoose software. The framework was developed using the Context Input Process Product (CIPP) model. The participants identified key collaborating areas, including: curriculum development, industrial training, training of staff, and sharing training resources. More so, the participants identified facilitating activities that supplement the core mechanisms identified, including seminars, workshops, and cocurricular activities. Nonetheless, the results established that this partnership experiences barriers such as poor communication, varying policies, values, cultures, resource gaps, financial constraints, and limited skills of some trainers. The framework emphasises clear stakeholder involvement, clear collaboration mechanisms and strategies, collaborative resource mobilisation, streamlined communication, reporting and feedback channels, and monitoring and evaluation of collaboration for effectiveness. This framework is a useful resource towards building strong and meaningful partnerships between the TVET institutions and the industry, which facilitates practical training to improve the skills of the trainees, thus meeting the skills requirements of the job market.

Challenges Faced by School Caregivers in Providing Care and Support to Learners Living with HIV/AIDS in Boarding Secondary Schools in Nandi County, Kenya

2026-05-26T12:33:26Z

Challenges Faced by School Caregivers in Providing Care and Support to Learners Living with HIV/AIDS in Boarding Secondary Schools in Nandi County, Kenya Jepchirchir1, Emily; Kipkoech, Lydia; Limo, Alice This study explored the challenges faced by school caregivers in providing care and support to ALHIV in boarding secondary schools in Nandi County, Kenya. A qualitative descriptive research design was adopted. The target population comprised of principals (84) of boarding secondary schools in Nandi County. The study employed purposive sampling to select principals (25) from boarding secondary schools. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically. Findings revealed that caregivers face multiple challenges, including inadequate specialized training, persistent stigma and discrimination, limited psychological and health support services, financial constraints, and minimal parental involvement. These challenges interconnect, undermining the effectiveness of school-based support systems and affecting learners’ well-being and educational participation. The study concludes that addressing these challenges requires a holistic, multi-sectoral approach, including continuous caregiver training, strengthened institutional support, increased funding, enhanced parental engagement, and effective implementation of existing HIV/AIDS policies. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and healthcare providers in designing interventions that enhance the capacity of caregivers and promote inclusive, supportive school environments for learners living with HIV/AIDS.

School-Based Strategies for Early Identification of Learners Living with HIV/AIDS and Their Educational Participation in Boarding Secondary Schools in Nandi County, Kenya

2026-05-26T12:20:23Z

School-Based Strategies for Early Identification of Learners Living with HIV/AIDS and Their Educational Participation in Boarding Secondary Schools in Nandi County, Kenya Jepchirchir, Emily; Limo, Alice; Kipkoech, Lydia Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) continues to pose significant health and educational challenges, particularly for adolescents in boarding secondary schools. This study examined school-based strategies for early identification of learners living with HIV/AIDS (ALHIV) and their influence on educational participation in Nandi County, Kenya. A descriptive survey design was employed, targeting 362 school caregivers and principals from 25 purposively selected fully boarding secondary schools. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. Findings indicated that most caregivers were trained to identify vulnerable learners and provided individualized guidance and counselling during Form One admissions, facilitating learners’ participation. However, gaps were noted in peer mentorship, parent-caregiver interaction, dedicated personnel for HIV support, and opportunities for learners to share challenges, which limited early identification and support. The study concluded that willful disclosure of HIV status is essential for effective caregiver support, but inconsistent disclosure practices and fear of stigma hinder early intervention. It is recommended that schools establish clear, confidential protocols for disclosure, train caregivers in ethical handling of HIV-related information, and integrate early identification processes into routine school operations to enhance the health, well-being, and educational participation of ALHIV.

Effects of Athletic Sports Competitive Events on the Performance of Para Athletes in Kenya

2026-05-26T09:46:14Z

Effects of Athletic Sports Competitive Events on the Performance of Para Athletes in Kenya Kiptembur, John K.; Ng’ang’a, Wambui; Otuya, Robert Competitive events are pivotal to the development and performance of para-athletes, spanning talent identification to elite performance. This study examined the effects of competitive event structures on the performance of Kenyan para-athletes, aiming to understand how competitive event approaches influence para-athlete outcomes. An exploratory case study was conducted involving twenty para-athletes selected from a larger population of sixty-six. In-depth interviews and observational data were collected, with validity and reliability ensured through a pilot study involving five para-athletes. Data analysis followed a Straussian grounded theory approach, involving open, axial, and selective coding to identify core categories and develop a theoretical framework. The study revealed a critical gap in competitive opportunities for Kenyan para-athletes, with participants reporting minimal exposure to such events. The research further demonstrated that the existing parasport governance framework significantly affects the nature and availability of competitive events. To enhance para-athlete performance, a strategic overhaul of the parasport structure and leadership is imperative. This includes fostering an environment conducive to increased competitive opportunities, aligning with the performance characteristics derived from the athlete brand image model: athletic expertise, competitive style, sportsmanship, and rivalry. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to bridge the gap in competitive opportunities and support the development of para-athletes. Future research should focus on developing a robust parasport system to optimize competitive event accessibility and para-athlete performance, ensuring that para-athletes can achieve their full potential. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of tailored training programs and support systems to address the unique challenges faced by para-athletes. By implementing these recommendations, stakeholders can create a more inclusive and competitive environment for para-athletes in Kenya and beyond.